Genotoxic and histopathological effects of the Ili River (Kazakhstan) water pollution on the grass carp <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>

In the present study, genotoxic, histological and hematological effects of water pollution were evaluated in Ctenopharyngodon idella from Ili river. Water fish sampled at three sites. The concentrations following heavy metals measured water: Pb, Co, Mg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe. with gradually increased P1 to P3: P1, Cu Fe levels exceeded maximum permissible for culture, P2 – Fe, P3 river, highest frequency severity DNA damage liver noted P3, lowest P1. Gill lesions more pronounced frequent compared grass carp Fish showed a higher neutrophils lower percentage lymphocytes control. results also revealed: genotoxicity by comet analysis histology most sensitive magnitude directly related level contamination. clearly pathological changes caused pollution, while differential leukocyte count was least useful indicator, as it only minor differences between unpolluted polluted water.